FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY
Subject Title : Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Subject Code : M-
Hours Per Week : 04
Hours Per Semester : 64
TOPIC ANALYSIS
S.No
|
Major Topics
|
Hours Allotted
|
Weightage of Marks
|
SECTION-I
|
|||
1
|
Introduction
|
05
|
10
|
2
|
Fluid statics
|
02
|
5
|
3
|
Fluid kinematics
|
02
|
5
|
4
|
Fluid dynamics
|
06
|
15
|
5
|
Flow through pipes and
nozzles
|
06
|
15
|
SECTION-II
|
|||
6
|
Impact of jet on
vanes
|
06
|
15
|
7
|
Hydraulic turbines
|
12
|
30
|
SECTION-III
|
|||
8
|
Centrifugal pumps
|
08
|
25
|
9
|
Reciprocating pumps
and
Special Purpose
Pumps
|
08
|
25
|
10
|
Industry
innovations
|
05
|
-
|
11
|
Test
|
04
|
|
Total
|
64
|
145
|
|
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the
course, student should be able to…
1.
Understand the basic of fluid mechanics
2.
Understand the basic principles of fluid
statics
3.
Understand the basic principle of fluid
kinematics
4.
Understand the principles of fluid dynamics and
its applications
5. Understand the
principles of fluid flow through pipes
6. Understand the
impact of jet on vanes
7. Understand the
working of hydraulic turbines
8.
Understand the working of Centrifugal Pumps
9.
Understand the working of Reciprocating pumps
& special purpose pumps
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Scope of the subject
1.2
Fluid
1.3
Type of fluid
1.4
Fluid mechanics
1.5
Classification of fluid mechanics
1.6
Statics, kinematics, and dynamics
1.7
Hydraulics
1.8
Ideal and real fluids
1.9 properties of fluids
1.9.1 Definitions - Mass
Density, Specific Volume, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity,
Viscosity, Kinematics, SI
units of viscosity Surface Tension, Capillarity, Compressibility
and Bulk Modulus
1.10 Fluid
pressure
1.10.1 Definition of pressure and units of
pressure
1.10.2 Relation between vacuum, absolute
and atmospheric pressure
1.10.3 Pressure head of a liquid
1.10.4 Pascal’s law
1.10.5 Pressure measurement and Types of
pressure measuring instruments
1.10.6 Manometers –Simple and Differential-
Advantages and Limitations
1.10.7 Mechanical gauges-Construction and
working of principle of gauges:
Bourdon tube, Diaphragm,
1.10.8 Vacuum
gauges
2.0 Fluid statics
2.1 Definition
of total pressure, centre of pressure, Buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric height
2.3 Archimedes’
principle
2.4 Types
of Equilibrium of floating bodies
2.5 Stable,
unstable and neutral equilibrium
3.0 Fluid
kinematics
3.1 Types of fluid
flow
3.1.1 Steady and unsteady
flow
3.1.2 Uniform and non-uniform
flow
3.1.3 One, two and three
dimensional flow
3.1.4 Rotational and
irrotational flow
3.1.5 Compressible and
in-compressible flow
3.2 Rate of flow or
discharge
3.3 Continuity
equation
3.4 Simple problems
4.0 Fluid
dynamics
4.1 Various
forms of energy present in fluid flow.
4.1.1 Pressure
energy, Potential energy, Kinetic energy, Total head or total energy.
4.1.2 Simple problems
4.2 Bernoulli's
equation:
4.2.1 Statement
and equation
4.2.2 Assumptions
4.2.3 Simple problems
4.3 Practical
applications pf Bernoulli’s Equation:
4.3.1 Venturimeter (horizontal
only), Flow nozzle, Orifice meter, Pitot’s tube
4.3.2 Simple problems
5.0 Flow
through pipes
5.1 Loss
of head in pipes due to friction
5.1.1 Major
and minor energy losses
5.1.2 Darcy's
formula (without proof)
5.1.3 Chezy's
formula (without proof)
5.2 Hydraulic
Gradient and total energy line
5.3 syphon
5.4 Definitions
of nozzle and its applications
5.5 power
transmitted thro the nozzle
5.6 Water
hammer in pipes
5.7 Simple problems
6.0 Impact
of jet on Vanes
6.1 Force
of jet striking normally on a fixed
plate,
6.2 Force
of jet striking on inclined fixed plate.
6.3 Force
of Jet striking on fixed curved vane.
6.4 Force
of jet on moving flat plate held normal to the jet and work done.
6.5 Force
of jet on moving flat plate held inclined to the jet and work done.
6.6 Force
of jet on moving flat plate fixed on the rim of a wheel,
6.7 power
and efficiency
6.8 Problems
on the above.
6.9 Force
of jet impinging on moving curved vane.
7.0 Hydraulic
turbines
7.1 Scope
of the hydraulic turbine
7.1.1 Definition
of a turbine
7.1.2 Classification
of hydraulic turbine.
7.2 Impulse
turbines
7.2.1 Constructional
details and working of a Pelton wheel
(Impulse turbine)
7.2.2 Work
done and efficiency of pelton wheel with velocity triangles
(Definition and
formulae only)
7.2.3 Types
of heads
7.2.3.1 Gross head
7.2.3.2 Net or
effective head- definition and formula
7.2.4 Efficiencies
with formula
7.2.4.1 Hydraulic Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency,
Volumetric Efficiency, Overall Efficiency
7.3 Reaction turbines
7.3.1 Constructional
details and working of Kaplan and Francis turbine
7.3.2 Work
done and efficiency of Francis turbine
7.3.3 Use
of penstock, Anchor block, surge tank and draft tube
7.3.4 Unit
power, unit speed and unit discharge- Specific speed their significance
7.3.4.1 Simple
problems.
7.3.5 Performance
Characteristics of turbines
7.3.6 Selection
of turbines based on specific speed and head of water.
7.3.7 Comparison
between impulse and reaction turbines
8.0 Centrifugal
Pumps
8.1 definition-pumps
and centrifugal Pumps
8.1.1 Scope of pumps
8.1.2 Classification
of pumps
8.2 Principle
of operation and Constructional details of a centrifugal pump,
8.2.1 Types
of casing.
8.3 Work
done by a centrifugal pump
8.4 Heads
of centrifugal pumps
8.5 Efficiency,
Discharge and Power required in a centrifugal pump.
8.6 Minimum
starting speed of a centrifugal pump.
8.7 Specific
speed- formula and definition
8.8 Simple
problems
8.9 Priming
of centrifugal pump.
8.10 Cavitations
and its effects in centrifugal pump
8.11 Multistage
centrifugal pumps for high heads and for high discharge.
8.12 Selection
of pumps
8.13 Operational
difficulties in centrifugal pumps
9.0 Reciprocating
pumps
9.1 Definition
of Reciprocating pumps and its applications
9.2 Types
of reciprocating pumps
9.3 Principle
of operation, Constructional details and working
9.4 Power
required to drive a reciprocating pump
9.5 Slip,
Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump.
9.6 Simple
problems
9.7 Air
vessels and its functions
9.8 Comparison
between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
9.9 Special purpose pumps-Construction,
working and uses of Submersible pump, Jet pump and Air lift pump
Specific Instructional
Objectives
Understand
the basic of fluid mechanics
Explain scope of the subject
Define fluid
Classify fluid
Define fluid mechanics
Classify fluid mechanics
Define statics, kinematics and dynamics
Define hydraulics
Differentiate between ideal fluid and real
fluid
Mention various properties of fluids
Define density, specific volume, specific
gravity and solve simple problems.
Define viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematics
viscosity and their units
Define surface tension, capillarity,
compressibility, bulk modulus and their units
Define fluid pressure and its units
1.10.1 Explain
the difference between absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure
and vacuum pressure
1.10.2 Explain pressure head of a liquid
1.10.3 State Pascal’s law
1.10.4 Classify pressure measuring instruments
1.10.5 Explain
simple and differential manometers with sketches and state their advantages and
limitations
1.10.6 Explain
the construction and working principle of Bourdon tube and diaphragm gauges
1.10.7 Explain briefly vacuum gauges and mention their types
2.0 Understand the basic
principles of fluid statics
2.1 Define
total pressure and centre of pressure
2.2 Explain
buoyancy, metacentre and metacentric
height
2.3 State
Archimedes principle of buoyancy
2.4 State
types of equilibrium of floating bodies
2.5 Explain
stable, unstable and neutral equilibria
3.0 Understand the basic
principle of fluid kinematics
3.1 State
types of fluid flow
3.1.1 Define
steady flow and unsteady flow
3.1.2 Define
uniform flow and non- uniform flow
3.1.3 Define
one, two and three dimensional flow
3.1.4 Define
rotational and irrotational flow
3.1.5 Define
compressible and incompressible flows
3.2 Define
rate of flow or discharge
3.3 State
law of continuity and explain continuity equation
3.4 Solve
simple problems on discharge and law of continuity.
4.0 Understand the principles
of fluid dynamics and its applications
4.1 Mention and explain types of head of liquid
in motion
4.1.1
Explain potential energy, kinetic energy, pressure energy and total head
4.2
State Bernoulli’s theorem
4.2.1
Explain Bernoulli’s equation (without proof)
4.2.2
State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s theorem
4.2.3
Solve simple problems on Bernoulli’s theorem
4.3
Mention the practical applications of Bernoulli’s theorem
4.3.1
Explain horizontal venturimeter, flow nozzle, orifice meter and pitot’s
tube with
expressions for discharge
4.3.2
Solve simple problems on the above
5.0 Understand
the principles of fluid flow through pipes
5.1 Define loss of head in pipes due to
friction
5.1.1 Mention major energy losses and
minor energy losses
5.1.2 State the Darcy- weisbach’s formula
(without proof)
5.1.3 State the chezy’s formula (without
proof)
5.2 Explain Hydraulic gradient and total
energy lines
5.3 Explain principle of working of
syphon system
5.4 Derive an expression for power
transmission through pipes
5.4.1 State the condition for maximum
transmission of power (without proof)
5.4.2 Explain the maximum efficiency of
transmission of power
5.4.3 Solve simple problems on power
transmission through pipes
5.5 Explain water hammer in pipes
6.0 Understand
the impact of jet on vanes
6.1 Derive
an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held normal to
the jet
6.2 Derive
an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed flat plate held inclined
to the jet
6.3 Derive
an expression for the force of jet exerted on a fixed curved plate
6.4 Derive
an expression for the force of jet exerted on a moving flat plate held normal to the jet
6.5 Derive an expression for the force of jet
exerted on a moving flat plate held
inclined to the jet
6.6 Derive
an expression for the force of jet exerted on flat plates fixed on the rim of
wheel
6.7 Explain power and efficiency of
jet with formulae
6.8 Solve simple problems on the
above
6.9 Draw
velocity diagram and explain the jet striking on moving curved vane tangentially
at one tip and leaving at the other
7.0 Understand
the working of hydraulic turbines
7.1 Explain the scope of hydraulic
turbines
7.1.1 Define hydraulic turbines
7.1.2 Classify hydraulic turbines
7.2 Explain working principle of impulse
turbine
7.2.1 Describe the construction and
explain the working principle of pelton wheel
7.2.2 State the formulae for work done and
efficiency pf pelton wheel
7.2.3 State the different types head
7.2.3.1 Define gross head and state its formula
7.2.3.2 Define net or effective head and state its
formula
7.2.4 State the different types of efficiencies of
pelton wheel
7.2.4.1 Define hydraulic, mechanical, volumetric and
overall efficiencies and mention
their formulae and solve simple problems
7.3
Explain the principle of
reaction turbines
7.3.1 Describe the construction and working
of Francis turbine
7.3.2 Define
and state formulae for Work done and efficiency of Francis turbine (with out
proof)
7.3.3 Explain penstock, Anchor block,
surge tank and draft tube
7.3.4 Define
Unit power, unit speed and unit discharge- Specific speed and mention
their significance
7.3.4.1 Solve Simple problems.
7.3.5 Explain
the following -Performance Characteristics of turbines-main or constant head,
operating or constant speed, constant efficiency or Iso efficiency or Muschel
curves
7.3.6 Explain
criteria for Selection of turbines – viz, based on specific speed and head of water.
7.3.7 Compare impulse and reaction
turbines
8.0 Understand
the working of Centrifugal Pumps
8.1 Definitions- pumps and centrifugal
Pumps
8.1.1 Explain
Scope of pumps
8.1.2 Classify pumps
8.2 Explain
the Principle of operation and constructional details of a centrifugal pump
8.2.1 Explain types of casing.
8.3 Define Work done by a
centrifugal pump and state the formula without proof
8.4 State
the various Heads of centrifugal pumps
8.5 Explain the Efficiency, Discharge and
Power required in a centrifugal pump with formulae.
8.6 Derive
on expression for Minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump.
8.7 Define
and state the formula of Specific speed
8.8 Simple
problems on the above
8.9 Explain
Priming of centrifugal pump.
8.10 Explain
cavitation and its effects in centrifugal pump
8.11 Explain
multistage centrifugal pumps for high heads and high discharge and their uses
8.12 Explain
the criteria for Selection of pumps
8.13 Explain
the operational difficulties in centrifugal pumps
9.0 Understand
the working of Reciprocating pumps
9.1 Definition
of Reciprocating pumps and its applications
9.2 Classify
reciprocating pumps
9.3 Explain the Principle of operation,
Constructional details and working reciprocating pumps
9.4 Derive on expression for discharge,
work done and Power required to drive a reciprocating pump
9.5 Explain
Slip, Negative slip and co-efficient of discharge in reciprocating pump.
9.6 Solve
simple problems on the above
9.7 Explain
the construction of Air vessel and its functions
9.8 Differentiate
between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
9.9 Special purpose pumps-Construction,
working and uses of submersible pump, Jet pump, Air lift pump
Text Books : 1.
Fluid Mechanics and Machinery By R K Hegde & Neeranjan Murthy, Sapna
Publishers
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
1) Fluid Mechanics
and Machinery-BCS Rao-2nd Edn.-Tata McGraw Hill Publ.,2010
2) Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulic Machines-R.K.Bansal-Laxmi Publications(P)Ltd.,New Delhi,2003
3) Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulic Machines-R.K.Rajput-S.Chand and Co., 4th Revised Edn.
2010
4) Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulic Machines-R.S.Khurmi- S.Chand and Co,19th Edn,2010
5) Hydraulic Engg
– Roberson Cassidy & Choudhary , Jaico Publishing House
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
Duration:3hours
Max.Marks:100
NOTE : (i) Section I is compulsory
(ii)Answer
TWO Full questions in each of section-II,
Section – III & Section – IV
(iii)Assume missing data ,if
any, suitably.
SECTION –I
1)
a)
Fill in the blanks with
appropriate word/s 5x1=5
i)
STOKE is the unit of ----------
ii)
Bulk modules is the reciprocal of
------------
iii) The formula V = C √mi is
called ---------- (with usual notations)
iv) A pipe of gradually increasing area which is used for
discharging water from the exit of a turbine to the tail race is
called-----------
v)
Submersible pump is basically
--------------
b)
Write a note on siphon 5
SECTION –II
2)
a)
Define statics, kinematics and
dynamics 6
b)
Calculate specific weight, density
specific volume and specific gravity of a liquid having a volume of 5m3 and weighing 50kN. Assume missing data suitably 4
c)
Define metacentre and metacentric
height 5
3)
a)
Differentiate between steady flow
and unsteady flow 4
b)
State and explain Bernoulli’s
theorem with equation 4
c)
A horizontal venturimeter with
inlet & outlet throat dia 30cm and 20cm respectively is used to measure the
flow of water. The reading of
differential manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 25cm. Determine
the rate of flow Take cd=0.95 4
4)
a)
State any FOUR assumptions made in
Bernouli’s theorem 4
b)
Explain hydraulic gradient and
total energy lines 5
c)
Compare the discharges of 10cm dia
and 20cm dia pipes when loss of head due to friction is same. Both the pipes have same length &
coefficient of friction. 6
SECTION –III
5)
a)
Derive an expression for force of
set striking normally on stationary curved plate when the jet strikes the
curved plate at the centre 7
b)
A jet of water of dia 10cm strikes
a flat plate normally with a velocity of 20m/s.
The plate is moving with a velocity of 5m/s in the direction of jet and
away from the jet .
Find
i)
The force exerted by jet on the
plate
ii)
Work done by the jet per second
iii) Power of jet
iv) Efficiency of jet 8
6)
a)
Explain the construction and
working of Pelton wheel with a neat sketch 8
b)
Explain draft tube with a neat
sketch 5
c)
Define unit speed 2
7)
a)
Mention any five differences
between Impulse & Reaction turbines 5
b)
Explain criteria for selection of
hydraulic turbines 5
c)
Explain the constant – head and
constant speed characteristics of hydraulic turbine 5
SECTION –IV
8)
a)
Describe the construction &
working of centrifugal pump 7
b)
Find the power required to drive a
centrifugal pump which delivers 0.05m3/s of water to a height of
25cm through a 20cm dia pipe & 100m long.
The overall efficiency of the pump is 75% & coefficient of friction
f = 0.1 in the formula hf = 4flv2 / 2gd. 8
9)
a)
Mention any five differences
between centrifugal and reciprocating pumps 5
b)
Explain submersible pump with a
neat sketch 5
c)
Explain the principal of working
& application of air vessel with a neat sketch 5
10) Write short notes on any
three of the following
a)
Scope of Hydraulics
b)
Bourdon tube
c)
Anchor Block
d) Priming
e)
Manometer 5x3=15
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